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| Parameter Category | Details |
|---|---|
| Basic Information | |
| Common Name | p-Nitrobenzoic Acid; 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid |
| IUPAC Name | 4-nitrobenzoic acid |
| CAS Number | 62-23-7 |
| EINECS Number | 200-526-2 |
| Chemical Formula | C₇H₅NO₄ |
| Molecular Weight | 167.12 g/mol |
| Structural Formula | HOOCC₆H₄NO₂ (para-substituted nitro and carboxyl groups on benzene ring) |
| Physical Properties | |
| Appearance | Pale yellow to yellow crystalline powder or needle-like crystals |
| Melting Point | 238-242 °C (decomposes) |
| Boiling Point | Decomposes before boiling (≈359 °C under atmospheric pressure, decomposition) |
| Solubility | Slightly soluble in water (<0.1 g/100 mL at 26 °C); soluble in ethanol, ether, acetone, chloroform; highly soluble in alkaline solutions |
| Density | 1.55 g/cm³ (20 °C) |
| pKa (25 °C) | 3.41 (stronger acidity than benzoic acid due to electron-withdrawing nitro group) |
| Chemical Properties | |
| Functional Groups | Carboxylic acid (-COOH), Nitro group (-NO₂) |
| Key Reactions | 1. Reduction of -NO₂ to -NH₂ (yields p-aminobenzoic acid); 2. Esterification with alcohols; 3. Acid-base reactions (forms salts with bases) |
| Stability | Stable under normal storage conditions; decomposes on heating to release toxic nitrogen oxides (NOₓ) |
| Major Applications | |
| Pharmaceutical Industry | Key intermediate for local anesthetics (procaine, tetracaine), folic acid synthesis, diuretics, and bactericides |
