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1. Basic Identification Information
| Parameter | English Specification/Value |
|---|---|
| IUPAC Name | 2-Oxoacetic acid (also: Oxoethanoic acid) |
| Common Name(s) | Glyoxylic acid; Oxoacetic acid; Formylformic acid; Glyoxalic acid; Acetic acid, 2-oxo- |
| CAS Registry Number | 298-12-4 (anhydrous); 79-14-1 (monohydrate, most commercially available form) |
| EC/EINECS Number | 206-058-5 (anhydrous); 201-180-5 (monohydrate) |
| Molecular Formula | C₂H₂O₃ (anhydrous); C₂H₄O₄ (monohydrate) |
| Molecular Weight | 74.04 g/mol (anhydrous); 92.05 g/mol (monohydrate) |
| Chemical Class | α-Keto acid; aldehyde-carboxylic acid derivative; keratolytic agent; synthetic intermediate |
| Related Compound | Glycolic acid (CAS 79-14-1) (monohydroxyacetic acid, no aldehyde group; milder exfoliant for cosmetics); Oxalic acid (CAS 144-62-7) (dicarboxylic acid, no ketone/aldehyde groups; stronger chelator) |
2. Physicochemical Properties
| Property Category | Specific Parameter | Specification/Value |
|---|---|---|
| Structural Features | Functional Groups | Aldehyde group (-CHO) at C1; carboxyl group (-COOH) at C2 (dual functionality enables both reduction/oxidation and acid-base reactions; prone to intramolecular hydrogen bonding) |
| Physical Appearance | State & Color | Anhydrous form: white crystalline powder (decomposes readily); commercial form: 40–50% aqueous solution (colorless to pale yellow clear liquid); faint pungent odor |
| Melting Point | 98–100 °C (monohydrate, lit.); anhydrous form decomposes at ≈70 °C (sublimes under vacuum) | |
| Boiling Point | Decomposes before boiling (aqueous solution boils at 100–105 °C with partial polymerization) | |
| Density (25 °C) | 1.30 g/cm³ (50% aqueous solution); 1.49 g/cm³ (anhydrous crystalline form) |
